Dr T.R Ramya shree ,Ms(OBG), FRM( Cimar ), Obstretics USG(Mediscan), fellowship in Ob-Gyn & reproductive medicine, japan

Washed, prepared sperm is placed in the uterus around ovulation—often after ovulation induction. A common first-line treatment for mild male factor or unexplained infertility.

Eggs and sperm are fertilised in the lab; one or more embryos are transferred to the uterus. The main treatment when simpler options have not worked or when age, tubal, or multiple factors are involved.

A single sperm is injected directly into each egg—especially useful for low count, poor motility, or abnormal morphology. Often combined with IVF when male factor is present.

A frozen embryo from a previous IVF cycle is thawed and transferred in a later prepared cycle—often with outcomes similar to fresh transfer.

Extra embryos from IVF are frozen for later frozen embryo transfer—high thaw survival with modern vitrification.

Eggs are stimulated, retrieved, and vitrified for future IVF—best outcomes when done before age 35; common for delayed parenthood or medical reasons.

Semen is cryopreserved before oncology treatment, travel, or ART planning—standard option in oncofertility pathways.