Male Factor Infertility: Causes, Semen Analysis & Modern Treatment
Male factors contribute to 40–50% of infertility cases. Understand semen analysis, varicocele, lifestyle changes, and why ICSI has transformed severe male factor treatment.
What is male factor infertility?
Male factor infertility refers to fertility problems caused by abnormalities in sperm production, function, transport, or ejaculation. Male factors contribute to approximately 40–50% of infertility cases worldwide. Many men have no symptoms — infertility may only be discovered through semen analysis.
Causes & diagnosis
Common causes include varicocele, hormonal disorders, genetic abnormalities, smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol, and environmental toxin exposure.
Evaluation includes semen analysis, hormone testing, scrotal ultrasound, genetic testing, and physical examination. Male infertility may reduce sperm count, motility, morphology, and fertilization capability.
Treatment options
- Lifestyle & medical treatment — improves sperm quality (₹5,000–30,000)
- IUI — useful for mild abnormalities; 10–18% per cycle (₹10,000–25,000)
- IVF — improves fertilization control; 40–60% (₹1.5L–3L)
- ICSI — gold standard for severe male factor; 50–80% fertilization (₹1.8L–3.2L)
Key takeaways
Both partners should be evaluated — male infertility is common and treatable. ICSI has transformed outcomes for severe sperm abnormalities. Address reversible causes like varicocele, smoking, and heat exposure before or alongside ART.